Abstract
Twenty-first century education demands a transformation of the learning system to produce intelligent, adaptive, and competitive generations capable of facing global challenges. This study aims to analyze the current condition of twenty-first century education in Indonesia, its challenges, and strategies to strengthen students’ competencies. The research method employs a literature review by examining scientific articles, educational regulations, and related research findings. The analysis shows that the main challenges of twenty-first century education include technological disparities, curriculum quality, and teacher readiness. However, digital innovation, collaboration between teachers and students, and the strengthening of technological literacy serve as opportunities to improve learning quality. This study concludes that twenty-first century education should be directed toward strengthening 4C competencies, digital literacy, and pedagogical transformation to prepare adaptive and competitive generations.