A Legal Review of the Validity of Contracts Between Landowners and Managers When Cultivation Is Carried Out Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Machines

Nurmala Dewi, Holijah H, Fadiatunnisa F, Muhammad Aji Pratama

Abstract


The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI)-based machines in agricultural land cultivation has begun to shift the role of human laborers in land management agreements. This development raises legal questions regarding the validity of contracts between landowners and managers when cultivation activities are carried out by autonomous machines. This study aims to analyze the validity of such contracts based on the requirements for a valid agreement under Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code, Law Number 2 of 1960 concerning Sharecropping Agreements, the Basic Agrarian Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the principles of contracts under Islamic law. This research employs a normative legal method based on a literature review, using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that agreements between landowners and managers remain legally valid provided that the contracting parties are legally competent subjects, the subject matter of the agreement is clearly defined, and the underlying cause is lawful. AI-based machines cannot be classified as legal subjects or cultivators in the juridical sense; rather, they constitute legal objects or working tools operating under the control and responsibility of the manager. Therefore, provisions concerning the use of AI-based machines, risk allocation, and liability for losses must be explicitly stipulated in the agreement.


Keywords


contract; landowner; manager; cultivator; artificial intelligence; contractual validity

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24153914

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