Lafaz Muṭlaq dan Muqayyad dalam Perspektif Uṣūliyyah: Telaah Makna, Penerapan dalam Nas, dan Implikasi Hukum

Abstract

The Qur’an, as the primary source of Islamic law, employs a rich, diverse, and nuanced language. Among the forms of expression found within it are muṭlaq (unrestricted) and muqayyad (restricted) terms. A proper understanding of these concepts is essential, as legal rulings in the Qur’an and Hadith are often conveyed either in an unrestricted (muṭlaq) or a restricted (muqayyad) form. Classical scholars of uṣūl al-Fiqh have long examined the interaction between these two types of expressions, particularly when two legal texts address the same issue but differ in formulation one being muṭlaq and the other muqayyad. Scholarly debates also arise in cases where the legal ruling is the same but the underlying cause differs, or conversely, where the cause is the same but the ruling differs. This demonstrates the complexity of the methodology of Islamic legal derivation, which requires careful analysis of linguistic expressions, contextual considerations, and supporting evidences. Therefore, understanding muṭlaq and muqayyad is not only crucial in the theoretical domain of uṣūl al-Fiqh, but also carries practical implications in fiqh, particularly in the process of legal ijtihād that remains relevant to the evolving needs of the Muslim community.