Asbābun Nuzūl Surah An-Nūr Ayat 2–3: Analisis Hukum Zina dan Konsekuensinya dalam Perspektif Al-Qur'an

Abstract

Islam categorizes adultery (zinā) as a major sin (kabāʾir) that threatens the moral order of the family and society. Qur’ān Sūrah an-Nūr verses 2–3 constitute the principal legal foundation for determining sanctions for perpetrators of adultery as well as the related social regulations concerning marriage. This study aims to analyze the asbābun nuzūl of Sūrah an-Nūr verses 2–3, to explain the legal provisions on adultery from the perspective of Islamic law, to uncover the social dimensions embedded in these verses, and to examine their relevance in the context of modern society, particularly in Indonesia. This research employs a qualitative method with a tafsīr tahlīlī and historical approach. Primary data are derived from the Qur’ān, ḥadīth, and classical Qur’anic commentaries such as the works of al-Ṭabarī, Ibn Kathīr, and al-Zuḥailī. Secondary data include fiqh literature, contemporary studies on Islamic law, as well as social data from the Indonesian National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN) and mass media reports concerning the phenomenon of adultery in Indonesia. The findings indicate that Sūrah an-Nūr verses 2–3 were revealed as a correction to Jewish legal practices and pre-Islamic (Jāhiliyyah) traditions, while simultaneously completing the Islamic legal framework by stipulating the punishment of one hundred lashes for unmarried adulterers (ghairu muḥṣan) and stoning for married adulterers (muḥṣan). The social dimensions of these verses encompass educational aspects (the public implementation of punishment), preventive aspects (deterring the normalization of adultery), and protective aspects (the prohibition of marrying adulterers without repentance). The relevance of these verses in the modern context remains strong, particularly in addressing contemporary issues such as online prostitution, promiscuity, and the rising incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies in Indonesia. Sūrah an-Nūr verses 2–3 offer a comprehensive approach that combines legal firmness, social protection, and a spiritual dimension through the door of repentance.